Matthias and Mary Darly's Political and Satirical History, 1763

I have always enjoyed viewing history through the eyes and pencils of caricaturists. I was therefore pleased to obtain a copy of Darly's Political and Satirical History displaying the unhappy Influence of Scotch Prevalency in the Years 1761, 1762, and 1763, being a Regular Series of Ninety-Six Humourous, Transparent and Entertaining Prints....The Darly husband and wife had two outlets for their engravings, Matthias at the Acorn in the Strand, and Mary at Ryder's Court in Leicester Square. Their card-sized prints proved to be particularly popular, which led to the publication of a series of small volumes (12.5cms x 10cms), one each year between 1757 - 1766. The volume I have was presumably published in 1763, and relates to the situation in 1762. It it concentrates on the influence of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute who became Prime Minister from 1762 - 1763. His influence was not welcomed by many in England, and he was seen as favouring Scotsmen, and of nepotism, when making appointments: his brother, for example, James Mackenzie was given the highest post in Scotland, that of Lord Privy Seal.  Bute's rise to power was launched when he became tutor to the Prince of Wales, later George III. During his premiership, he was responsible for raising taxes in America to pay for the cost of resisting the perceived threat from France and Spain, which led to the War of Independence. The peace which was secured at the end of the Seven Years War was seen as one that favoured France. According to Thackeray, "Bute was hated with a rage there have been few examples in English history", and by November 1862 "Lord Bute could not pass the streets without being hissed and pelted by the mob, and a strong guard was necessary to secure his person from still greater violence"(Caricature History of the Georges, Wright, 1876.). 

One must remember, too, that England had been wary of Scotland since the Battle of Culloden which had taken place in 1746, some 14 years previous. With the Act of Proscription (1746), the government was attempting to bring the Highland population into English ways and culture. Thus, in the caricature of 1761, Scotch Collops...the text reads "The genius of the Scotch is mutiny...Prompt to rebel on every weak pretence, Blustring when courted, crouching when oppress'd, restless in change and perjur'd to a proverb."

This little book is proof that Wright is correct when he asserts that "after Lord Bute had become Prime-Minister, the number of caricatures increased amazingly, and the mere titles of the political prints issued during the next two or three years would almost fill a volume." He is not impressed, however, by their quality: "A large proportion of them ...are ill-designed, and still worse engraved, and some of them revolt us by their gross indecency."


There are 12 pages at the front of the book on which brief explanations of each caricature are given. So, for the frontispiece: "An Hieroglyphic, representing by a Thistle the baneful influence of Scotch power, by depriving the Crown (that's by it) of Part of its Splendor, &c. The Head of the Thistle seems drooping, and hangs by a single thread; over it appears a black Cloud, portending its dissolution; the implements of Justice, with their Mottos explain the rest." The motto 'Ich Dien' is associated with the Prince of Wales, the German 'I serve', possibly implying a near-homophone for the Welsh 'Eich Dyn' - 'Your Man'. The axe is poised to fell the thistle.

One or two of the early prints in my copy have lost half of the image (the outer fold). I won't be displaying them.

                                                    We are all acomeing, or Scotch Coal for ever. 1761.


The reference to coal is explained at the front: "The Query. Which will give the best Heat to a British Constitution, Pitt, Newcastle, or Scotch Coal?" Pitt is obviously William Pitt, and Newcastle the Duke of Newcastle who was Prime Minister 1757 - 1762. Here we see the threat of Bute's Scottish favourites heading south to take English jobs - "I hope to be Physician in Ordinary...I'll be a Bishop...Statesman...Maid of Honour...Ensign...etc.". An English bystander complains "I can't get a lodging on this road without danger of the Scotch Fiddle", while a cart heads for Scotland 'MT'!

Attributed to George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend. Soldier, MP and amateur artist. Townshend produced many caricatures and it is thought that many in this volume were by him. He is a key figure in the establishment of such cartoons as an acceptable satirical artform.

                                          Sawney Discover'd, or the Scotch Intruders, 1760.


Sawney was an English nickname for a Scotsman, a Lowland diminutive of Alexander. This is another print by Townshend, showing more Scots queuing up to take lucrative jobs. "I have a large recommendation besides my impudence" says one man, while a lady alludes to the Scottish allegiance to France: "I hope to be a Duchess soon, that I may be grateful to the French." The description of this caricature notes "....the Calidonians extolling their merits, while their mighty Gisbal is making his way behind the screen, which may be better understood by being brought to a proper light, either of the Sun or Candle."   Sure enough, hold the print up to the light, and another image can faintly be made out, the Lady receiving the gents! Remarkable!

It is not easy to make out what they are saying, but I think the Lady greets them with "May I serve you All." The gent replies "I must be in your favour." One of the bystanders says "I shall get by this Sawney" and the other, "Most(?) agreeable."

'Gisbal' may well be reaching out to embrace the lady? I suspect that had this been published at the end of the century, it would have been a good deal more suggestive, but I think there is no doubt that the implication is that this is a sexual predator as well as a seeker after employment. The Lady is presumably Princess Augusta, with whom Bute was said to have had an affair.

Gisbal was the name of an "eponymous hero" in a work satirising Macpherson's Ossian by J. Pridden, which was published in 1762. Satirists used the name in connection with Bute.

The next caricature in the book, is another "Transparency", showing "the Mighty Gisbal  and Beersheba...dancing behind the curtain...". Unfortunately the copy in my book is damaged, lacking the outer fold.

Princess Augusta was married to Frederick, Prince of Wales and son of George II. He died suddenly in 1751. Augusta never remarried, and her son became George III. Her relationship with Bute caused her much unpopularity: "Impeach the King's Mother" was a popular cry.

                   Scotch Collops, an Antidote for an English Stomach, 1761.


A good insight into English attitudes to Scotland post-Culloden. The description explains that the image "Represents the Scotch giving their Opinion of a Hero that knows them too well to put any Trust in their Promises or Loyalty." The text below says it all: "The Genius of the Scotch is mutiny, they scarcely want a Guide to move their madness. Prompt to rebel on every weak pretence, Blustring when courted, crouching when oppress'd, restless(?) in change and perjured to a proverb." In the cartoon, the Englishman (The Duke of Cumberland?) exclaims "The devil take that englishman that takes a favour from a scotchman."


Now for three without particular Scottish involvement:

The Fox and Goose, or the True Breed in full cry, 1761.

The British Museum explains that this is a satire on Henry Fox and the Duke of Newcastle, pursued by the Opposition. 'West Country Sweet Lips' refers to William Pitt, and 'West Indian Towser' is William Becford.

Monr. Bussy's politics, or Goody Mahon outwitted, 1761.


Again, thanks to the British Museum for explaining that this shows the Duke of Newcastle entertaining the French Ambassador. He was thought to be too willing to make peace with France.

Merit Triumphant or Pitt & Liberty for ever, 1762.

The Darly text explains that this "represents our happy Acquirements by the Wisdom of Mr Pitt whose Virtues are as durable as the Albion Rocks." The Lord Mayor of London and other dignitaries approach Britammia on the left, while the Duke of Newcastle tries to blow up the monument (on the right).

The Caledonian Voyage to Money-land   


The British Museum has a more detailed copy of this caricature, with a poem at the bottom, and many more speaking-bubbles from those waiting to board. The pub is called "The Boot", not the Scotch Rose, while the ship waiting in the distance the "Pitt Frigate". See the BM website for more details. But the essence of the message on both is clear: it was perceived that with Bute's position of power, his cronies from Scotland would descend on London and take up lucrative positions.


The Caledonians Arrival in Money-land


Again, the British Museum has a more elaborate version of this print. Here, Bute greets his cronies who are fawning before him, while Princess Augusta welcomes them with "I am happy to see you all safe arrived my dear Cousins. I ever loved a Scotsman....". At the bottom is a poem "The voyage o'er, the Northern Band is now arrived in Money-Land/Do but observe the hungry crew For places, posts and pensions sue."

                              John Bulls House in Flames


Again, larger versions of this cartoon exist, including one in the British Museum. It is Bute on the left who is farting, and causing the chaos which Pitt and his friends on the right are trying to control. "Oh for a Blast from the North," says Bute. "Damn the bellows, they will not blow." Henry Fox exclaims "Damn the Scotch Dogs, how they Stink. I'll turn my Tail on 'em."

The Lyon Entranc'd


The British Museum suggests that the Lyon (Britain) is dead. The text in the book, merely that "a Lion is supposed to have  had too large a Portion of Scotch Opium and is so sleepy that Time only can awaken him." Either way, the inference is clear: Bute has seduced and ruined the government. A lady says "those cursed Scotch have poisoned my favrite Leo," But a man (the Duke of Cumberland) assures her "Comfort yourself, Madam, he is not dead, but Sleepeth."

Political See-Saw


A more elaborate version of this print can be found in the British Museum, published by Henry Howard in 1762. Here for the first time we see Bute emerging from a boot. This was to be a representation of Bute that was used repeatedly. The Duke of Cumberland attempts to hold the balance, but Newcastle and Pitt are flung off by Princess Augusta. Britannia lies on the ground, pleading "Save poor Britannia".

                                     Gisbal & Bethsheeba in the Hyperborean Tale, 1762


According to the text, this is "a Pleasant Representation of the Scotch Hero and his Heroine, with their bare-breech'd Admirers about them." Bute says "...Ambition shall crown all my Actions", while Princess Augusta declares her love for him. Bute's followers are in breeches (following the Act of Proscription?), and Bute's Trophy is a petticoat.

                                     The Scotch Mountebank


Bute seen on a stage distributing wealth to his favourites. "You insolent Scott will bring all the English to Beggary" exclaims one bystander. Princess Augusta, in  Welsh hat (as Princess of Wales) looks on from behind. Bute says"If I had not travell'd early and late to find out a passage thru Wales, I should never have had it in my power to have served my dear relations and Countrymen. Take my pills of infatuation and then ye'l be ripe for rebelion, Rapine and murder." The other character on the stage is Thomas Smollett, who had supported Bute in The Briton.

Pedigree


The caption reads "Not from Kings, but they from us, Old Scotland's Annalls tell." Bute's family motto. He appears to be flying through the air on the back of a peacock. Note the tartan breeches again. The BM suggests the peacock is a reference to Bute's extreme personal vanity.

The Exaltation of the Boot


 The text for this reads that it "Points out the Laird of Corruption seeing his Creatures for evil Services; and a plaided Miscreant driving out the Sons of English Liberty."

At the bottom of the print: "A Fine Exaltation ye Britons behold/How Sawney profusely here squanders Yr Gold."

One Scotsman marvels that "in 45 I was active agst [against] ye House of Hanover", while the 'plaided miscreant' shoos off Liberty with "Get out ye Southerns loons. We will Beggar and starve ye all." The man drawing back the curtain is the Duc de Nivernois, the French envoy in London at the time when the peace was negotiated that ended the Seven Years War.



                             We are all come, or Scitch Coal burns longer than Pitt or Newcastle Coal


The Scottish beneficiaries of Bute's influence gloat over their success. "There's the Boot [Bute] that will kick the English out of doors" says one, while another, a lady exclaims "I think I am in a fair way of being Booted, that is being made a Duchess of." A scotsman who has become fat holds aloft the reason for his new-found wealth, the Boot, here on a tree whose roots are described as the "Root of all Evil."

The Fan and Mull, or the modern Stupefaction


The text explains that here "is Gisbal with modern Ensign, where the Cross of St Andrew is in Perfection, and the Cross of St George is nearly obliterated." Sawney offers the seated figure of King George III French Opium, and Scotch Snuff, while his accomplice Princess Augusta (the King's mother) assures him "I'll take care he shan't see thru our designs."

A Wonderful Sight, or the Go Cart 1762


Again, the text explains that we see here "The Hero of his Country stopping the two Wretches that are drawing the Booted Lyon as a young Cub incapable of going alone." "Let 'em pull, they'll be brought to repentance soon" says the lawyer[?] at the back, while the Lyon complains that "This boot will make my Poor Head Ake Before a years at an end". In other words, the King would regret it if the Bute administration lasted a full year. The thistle is being painted above the door.

Yale has a copy of this print published by Edward Sumpter.

Within, and.....

Within


"See here, the State turned upside down/The Bonnet triumphs o'er the - [Crown]/ The half starved clans in hopes of prey/Come o'er the Hills and far away." Bute assures them "I will provide for all my gued friends", while the lawyer assures him that "Your Will shall be my Law." Henry Fox is seen seated. He enjoyed a seat in the Cabinet when Bute was Prime Minister. Smollett is on the left, saying "I want some scurrility for the Briton."

              ....Without

Without


"With Shame, O Britons here behold/Sly Sawney pocketing your Gold/ While we who got it for his use/Are forced to pocket the Abuse." The Highlanders are seen taking the wealth of England. "Heave out, Sawney," says one of them. "Let's not leave 'em a Bawbee nor bit of Bread." The Darly text says it is a "view of the disposing of English Money by the Scotch Mammon."

The State Quack


The Darly text informs us that we are seeing "an excellent representation of those Heroes that play the Scotch Farce upon the new raised Political Stage." Bute stands centre stage, promising "to mend the Constitution and cause an Evacuation" while Princess Augusta topples sideways from her tightrope, crying out "In full swing." The British Museum has a more elaborate example of this caricature. The print is attributed to Paul Sandby.

The French Peace Soup Makers


Bute and Henry Fox were seen as being keen to make peace with the French. A note bottom right states "I shall agree to evry thing that my friend the French King propos and I give up all to him."  The cooker, fired by French coals, declares it is making "Peace Porridge without Flavour by Mr Boot cook from the Oeconomy Tavern near St James." Another caricature by Paul Sandby.

The Laird of the Boot, or needs must when the Devil drives


Underneath: "See the coach fill'd with Scottish Thanes/ A female managing the Reins/ Veteran OldCastle England's Pit/ Great Alexander too besh-t".

The King and Queen are driven in a coach by Princess Augusta, with Bute just visible in her petticoats. "The nearest way to the Tweed is thru Wales" he says, while she assures him "I'll keep a tight Rein over 'em". Britannia is about to be run over. "I hope Britannia will be killed"says an onlooking Scotsman, while another on the coach commands "Drive to the North where's clear of that Damned Pitt." The Duke of Cumberland has been flung off his horse, and he has lost his wig. Lord Mansfield says "We'l non suit 'em I'l warrent ye." Possibly a not very clear reference to his opposition to the radical John Wilkes? (see BM catalogue).

The University of Michigan has a more elaborate version of this caricature.


The Coach Overturn'd


The downfall of Bute is predicted. "You have got but a Slippery hold, Jocky" says the Lion, while Pitt, a true native of England, says "Never fear, when my Countrey wants me I am ready and will do my duty as an Englishman." Bute exclaims "I have got into a damn'd hole. I had better stand(?) more Honesty and less Occonomy." On the left, Fox has been thrown to the ground, besides a mile-stone labelled "New Found Land." Newfoundland had been given to the French in the Peace deal at the end of the Seven Years War. Other figures in the image include Arthur Murphy, the pro-Bute journalist again, his Irish brogue imitated with "arra", and next to him Smollett. Churchill is on the right, promising to "blow the Scotch dogs to the Devil", while the Duke of Cumberland is demanding a Horse for his Dukedom.

The Lion made Ridiculous by Sawney & Jenny


The text explains: "The Lion is led by his ward and dressed in French Petticoats, while Beersheba holds a thistle in terrorem, lest he should attempt to roar." Princess Augusta is holding the staff of Gisbal (see print number 196, the "Gisbal, L-d of Hebron". The King sports various fleurs-de-lis, a reference to Bute's favouring France.

The Scotch Cradle, or the Caledonian Nurse


Explanation: "The Lion, hushed to sleep by Gisbal & Beersheba while the Duke of Barebones is bowing for the laurel, which Gisbal ? offers him." Barebones thanks Bute: "You have saved my countrey. If it had not been for you, the damn'd Englis would have ruined my Master and Spain."Bute offers him the Olive "...on your own terms. I prefer your Master's friendship before any monarchs' in Europe." Augusta, meanwhile advises "Do all your work while he sleeps, for ever the roaring Pitt wakes him, we're ruin'd for ever." 'Barebones' is the Duc de Nivernois, the French envoy in London who was notoriously emaciated, and of delicate health.

The Lion Couchant, or Sawney in the Secret


The text suggests that this "shews the Lion kept down by the Jack Boot, and covered with evil Practices." The Lion accuses Bute "you have put out one eye with your spur." Bute has "found out the way to preferment [up Princess Augusta's skirt?], and I will go a great way in my politicks", while Princess Augusta advises him to "mend your eye, Sawney, for your right for my favours."

The Lion well Booted, or pettycoat Influence


The Scotch Banner is Princess Augusta's petticoat, and Bute(?) intends to "get Barebones under the Petticoat and he'l carry his point."The Darly text refers to "conditions obtained by the joint Direction of the Devil and a Scotchman", and the devil can be seen top right. The Duc de Nivernois ('Barebones') is on the left, looking suitably emaciated.

                                                                    Provision for the Scotch Convent


The text explains that this "represents the Power of Love , by the Burden that Beersheba is supposed to have on her Back, the pleasure of holding the spur is supposed to lessen the Weight of the Boot.". Princess Augusta says "the toilsome task, how easy when love the sweet reward." Augusta is bound to the boot by the Garter, which Bute had awarded to himself. Her hold on the spur is intentionally indecent.

                                             The Northern Dancing Master, or Windsor Minuet, 1762


The British Museum quotes the Public Advertiser, 28th Sept. 1762 as calling this print one of two 'curious prints' (the other being 'The Humm'). It is easy to see broadly speaking what is going on: Bute is leading the Dance, in the centre ("It can't be expected that you can dance  so well as the lady in my other hand. She has had a long experience.") with Princess Augusta on his left ("We shall soon bring her to dance a Scotch Jigg"). He holds the Queen's hand ("I wish I had learnt this instead of Italian. Oh! the sweet bagpipes"), and Augusta holds the King's ("I learn from a Scotch teacher"). The text explains "here is a master-stroke of Gisbal and Beersheba's, teaching Innocence to follow their Steps, and Jigg it to a Scotch Drone."

Andrews Cross


The text is not helpful here in sorting out this scene, but this is Britannia being crucified by Bute. "Bedford Coffee House" is I think a reference to the Duke of Bedford who was despatched by Bute to Paris to negotiate the end of the Seven Years War. Bedford stands on the right, dressed as a cobbler. He was known as the "Covent Garden Cobbler" because he held estates in Covent Garden, and the Bedford House Coffee House was found there.

The Congress


Here the Peace is being sorted out. Bute is giving to the French "Carte Blanche. Yours it is to demand, tis mine and the Bedford Cobler to comply." France replies with an offer of "Minorca and Canada..." The Frenchman is holding the British Lion in chains.

Scotch Oeconomy, or Sawney's Hum


Bute is making free with English taxes, etc. "By this hum of Oeconomy, I shall have it in my power to Squand away millions for my own security. We must purchase what our merit can't claim." The economies going into the barrel ("No cooks 500", etc.) are those carried out in the Royal Kitchens (see "Kitchen Metamorphos'd", no. 172). Out of the barrel at the bottom are suma said to have been given away by Bute in pensions etc. to favoured people. The barrel quotes the English proverb "Put in at the Tap & let it out at the Bung", which the Darly text explains "Sawney's frugality." 

Princess Augusta has "got hold of the spiggot."

The Merry go Round, a Scotch Machine on French Principles


"The peace negotiations are seen to raise France from the most abject state, and sink Britannia to the lowest Situation." So says the text. Minorca is all she has gained. Bute can be seen with Princess Augusta in the Boot, and the whole machine is turned by a Scottish hand. The Kings of France and Spain are in the top chairs. Britannia is at the bottom, "sunk".

                                            The Bagshot Frolic or the Pot-lid & Inkhorn


A complicated scenario, which the text, rather unhelpfully, dismisses as being "too well-known to need any further Explanation." Earl Talbot is seen defending himself with a potlid and spit against Wilkes, who holds a pen and inkpot. C. Churchill attends Wilkes, and Smollet, the Earl. Wilkes and Talbot fought a bloodless duel after the former had ridiculed the latter in the magazine The North Britain.

The Bed-Foot


The profiled head looking to the right is thought (by the BM) to be Bute, and that looking to the left, the Duke of Bedford.  The 'Peace' referred to in the quote is that negotiated by Bedford at the end of the Seven Years War. There are the usual allusions: Bute's Boot, and the two legs lying on the bed, the Princess of Wales (Augusta) and Bute.

The Blasted Cocoa Tree


The Pit is clearly William Pitt, over which hangs the Boot (Bute) with French leanings alluded to by the fleur-de-lis. A dove, symbol of peace is perched on the tree that will bear no fruit. The Cocoa Tree was a coffee house frequented by Bute's supporters. Britannia, Liberty and the City of London are represented by the three maidens.

A Set of Blocks for Hogarth's Wigs


Lots of allusions here, but the whole is a caricature of Hogarth's "The Five Orders of Perriwigs." Bute is in the centre, with suggestive bagpipe sporran. The Duke of Bedford is 'R', the hole in his head signifying no brain. Other figures include Francis Dashwood, Chancellor of the Exchequer ('D'), and Lord Talbot ("These useless"). Again, the text suggests unhelpfully that "...each blockhead speaks for itself." The print is attributed to Paul Sandby.

The Smithfield Bargain or Scotch Salesman


Bute offers the English Bull to the Frenchman (the Duc de Nivernois) " at yer own price...I value him on a pinch of snuff." The delighted Frenchman offers him 1000000 Louis d'ors, and "as soon as we have breath we'l Knock the english Bull on the head." The bull assures them both "you'll both be mistaken in the end for I have friends will rescue me from your hands." A rhyme at the bottom reads: "For what's the worth of anything/But so much money as will bring?" The Darly text confirms that "Gisbal [is] selling Jack Bull to the hungry Frenchman".

The Scotch Music-master, or Jacky Dandy's Head full of Crotchets


The text sees this as a "Modern Truth. When music softens the wax, that Cunning is at Hand to mould it." Bute is moulding things as he pleases, while Henry Fox's business is done: "You may turn the Pin of his Brain any way." The copy in the British Museum has the imprint "Allan Ramsey, Fidler Inv. et sculp." Ramsay was much employed as a painter by Bute.

The next three caricatures are lumped together as "The Westminster Toast or The Three Wills: Will Cumberland, Will Pitt, and the Will of the People."

Will Cumberland


The Duke of Cumberland is shown crushing Scottish rebellion, but the flag notes that"in 1762 the false Scotch endeavourd to destroy...this Darling of Liberty."

Will Pitt

Virtue supported by Liberty & Prosperity


Pitt, whom the text calls "The Darling of the People" feels "no pain but for my Countrey." He is said to have "Rais'd his sinking Country in 1757 to as great a height as Rome and Greece and see it fail in disgrace in 1762 by Scotch influence."

The Will of the People


The text simply suggests that the People "are always pleased at that Justice that puts an end to the Enemies of their King, Country and Liberties." Smollet had written a letter to the North Brition magazine signed 'Curio'.

Two more transparencies:

The Scotch Tent or True Contrast


The Duke of Cumberland is on the left, defending England's interests. On the right is the Duke de Nivernois, who was French envoy in London at the time of the Peace of Paris. "Begar me" he says, "like a de tent schemes but me no like dat fat man, he lova his country, he make a me tremble when I do any good. Ah! me povre Never-Knows." Holding the print up to the light reveals George III under a petticoat (suggesting he lives under petticoat rule). Bute and Augusta stand nearby. The Princess of Wales says "Your Love's too Large for a Vulgar body", while Bute declares "in you is all my pleasure." It is hard to see the detail on the transparency. My thanks to the BM for the explanation.

The Favourite Boot


A Scotsman invites the viewer "Walk in & see the Lyon, the Lyon in Boots Gemmen with the Scotch by Gisbal the Caledonian, famous for playing the Quarter Staff with several tunes in praise of Peace & French plenty." Holding the print up to the light reveals Bute & Augusta dancing a Scottish reel with the British Lion, who is chained to Bute and wearing jack-boots. The music is provided by a bagpiper and the King playing on a "Scotch fiddle." The text here is hard to read.

John Bull loaded with mischief or the Scotch Cobler


A lame John Bull carries a large woman on his back, in reality Bute (BM says he was known for being large, but proud of his legs!).  The French monkey is probably Nivernois (the French envoy), who is passing money in a purse to Bute. The Mackenzie referred to in the cobbler's show-board is probably Bute's brother, who was appointed to the top Privy Seal job in Scotland by Bute.


The Scotch Hurdy Gurdy or Musical Boot


This is a simpler version of another in the British Museum collection, which they confidently ascribe to the Marquis Townshend. Many of those in this Daly set are probably by him too. In the BM version the strings are labelled England, Ireland, Scotland and France. Darly's text suggests that "Gisbal and Beersheba are violently teazing the Machine with the Bow of Faction"

                                     The Triple Compact or Britannia's ruin


Again, this refers to the Peace concluded at the end of the Seven Years War. Bute is forcing Britannia to accept the terms - "Oh where's my Pitt" she cries. The French envoy, Nivernois, has his hand on Bute's shoulder, advising him to "frighten her", while the Spanish envoy, with his back to us, demands "Let me have back what I've lost". This refers to the capture of the ship Havannah. A Dutchman is observing on the left. Darly's text suggests that "we have a Pitt and a Wilkes who can administer that Relief Britannia stands in need of."

The Flying Machine from Edinburgh in one day, perform'd by Moggie McKenzie at the Thistle and Crown, near Scotland Yard


The theme is again Scots heading south seeking employment from Bute. Perhaps McKenzie is Bute's brother, who gained the top Keeper of the Privy Seal post in Scotland, but the BM does not suggest this. The print is thought to be by Paul Sandby.

The Dukes exchanged, or the Scotch Hobby Horses


This is a very much simpler version of another print in the BM collection. We are back with the issue of the Peace negotiated by Bedford (seen on the right-hand end of the bar). Nivernois is at the other end, and Henry Fox is controlling the balance with the French interests uppermost.

                                              The Caledonian Peace Makers, or alls well that ends well


A headless Duke of Bedford moves towards the Kings of Spain and France with an olive branch and maps of charts of islands. Spain demands Havannah, while France offers to swap "all you have took in Europe, Asia, Africa and America, and I'll give you Minorca and Hanover." Bute,  hovering above Bedford, with the British Lion muzzled,declares "It shall be done" while a distraught Britannia cries "Aid me Heavens to save my Stinking Countrey from ruin." Again, the BM has a very much more elaborate version of this engraving.

Multum in parvo, or A New Card for a Scotch Courtier

Our Medley has a Meaning & no doubt, But you have Sence enough to find it out


Not all is clear in this remarkable print, with allegorical figures walking across into the jaws of hell (bottom left) as in medieval imagery. The figures include a wolf in sheep's clothing (far left, with a church on its head), an owl, carrying scales on which 'honesty' is outweighed by a large sum of money, and a fox carrying more money (Henry Fox?). The Princess of Wales, here a she-goat, is ridden by Bute, identified by his jack-boot but here a he-goat. On the far right, the figure resembles the profile of the Duke of Newcastle.

Dedicated to Peace


The BM suggests this is a caricature of a monument designed in praise of Pitt. Here, Bute is in the centre, and the legend sarcastically  praises the 1762 Peace for forcing "France and Spain to be miserable by an abundance of Trade, Navigation, and extent of Dominion." The two female figures are a disgruntled Britannia, her cornucopia 'MT', and Scotia, whose cornucopia includes an abundance of money.

The Kitchen Metamorphos'd


Bute's reign as Prime Minister was associated with economic restraint - "Scotch Oeconomy." An example of this was Lord Talbot's reform of the 'abuses' in the King's kitchens, which caused much dissatisfaction among the staff. Darly calls Talbot "Lord Skin Flint".

The Scotch Ovation, or Jack Boots Triumphal Entry


Bute is seen with Lord Talbot in a carriage on his way to dine with the King and the Lord Mayor. Pitt and Lord Temple had travelled similarly, and been celebrated by the crowds. This image suggests that on a similar journey Bute would have had  to employ 'bruisers' to avoid assault from the hissing crowds. Bute is dressed as an Englishman, his Scotch bonnet a clue to his personage, while Talbot, as Steward of the Household, wears a saucepan on his head (see next caricature, "The Kitchen Metamorphos'd"). The Darly text suggests that Bute was "well known for his Abilities in procuring Bruisers, Sailors, etc. to hallow and shout for Scotch Tyranny."

Scotch Impudence, or the Northern Grinder


Bute has a hold on the King, pulling him by the nose to the grindstone, and also on Princess Augusta. "I have got gued hold of you both & I'll keep it" he says. She replies "..your great love is too much..."

                                                      The Windsor Apparition, or the Blazing Star


The ghost is that of Edward III who had created the Order of the Garter. Bute bestowed it on himself, and the ceremony was performed at Windsor  at the same time as it was given to Prince William Henry. This was thought bad form, and caused much indignation. The Duke of Cumberland and Britannia watch sadly on the left. Darly's text bewails the "mistaken honour that was bestowed on Scotch Ingratitude."

                                            The Highland Seer or the Political Vision


More Apparitions: Bute is on the couch, visited by five ghosts. The five figures all fell from grace: (r to l) Roger Mortimer (Earl of March), Simon de Montfort (Earl of Leicester), Robert Devereux (Earl of Essex), Hubert de Burgh, and William des Roches (Bishop of Winchester). In the more elaborate British Museum version, the voice of Princess Augusta is heard pleading "Fly, Sawney, to the Middle of Wallachia, and in its blissful Vales forget your Fears." Darly's text comments on "the Horror of a bad Conscience, which always represents imaginary evils."

The Triumphal Car or Scota's - Victory 1762


Bute is in the driving seat, encouraged by the Princess of Wales, Augusta. In the place of the footman sits the King,with his fool's cap, who declares "I am Nobody". The carriage is driving over Trade Laws and the Magna Carta.

The Christening


The Christening is of the future George IV. But there are to be no celebrations: "These are hard times" says one lady. On the right, a lady (Princess Augusts?) declares "Their shant be a drop of wine for the mob." Another pleads "Pray let 'em have some", but Bute (?) replies "No, they have affronted us." The Darly text warns "Scotch Godfathers make but false Guardians."

                               The Boot & the Bruisers, or Scotch Politics, 1762


A fight is taking place in Cheapside. Bute, in his coach is concerned that the unruly mob will turn against him. "I wish I had my braid sword to defend the boot" says one bystanding Scotsman.



                                                                      Next, there follows nine 'Posts':

The Starting Post


Bute is way ahead at the start of a race, encouraged by Augusta "My Jocky will win by Great Length and Speed."

The Whipping Post


Bute is seen to be whipping Britannia with the Scotch thistle, while the British Lion sleeps at her feet.

The Highest Post


Bute is seen expelling Pitt from the Treasury Building. Hungry Scotsmen are seen rushing in to take advantage of Bute's new position as First Lord of the Treasury.

The Jumping Post


Scotsmen are seen to be jumping into positions at the Admiralty, the Excise Office, the Customs Office, and the Post Office.

The Scrubbing Post


A Scotsman is having a good scrub, while another behind Bute (who is scratching his own wrist) is removing vermin from his body. 

The General Post


An upstart Scotsman has risen to the level of General in the Army thanks to Bute.

The Penny Post


The Penny Post had been introduced in London in 1680. It was extended into other towns in the UK in 1765, and became universal within Britain in 1840. A chimney Sweep is passing on the left.

The Directing Post


In a more elaborate version of this print the two Scotsmen are on the "Road to Preferment". They are, of course, heading for London.

                                           The Triple Post


The scene is Tyburn, and Bute is being hanged, to the Princess of Wales's dismay (on the right). The fox is presumably Henry Fox, and the goose the Duke of Bedford, or possibly the Duke of Newcastle. Britannia is the executioner.


The set of Darly prints in my book lacks number 179. I suspect the missing image would make up the tenth 'Post' caricature in the set, titled "The Sign Post", being an inn sign-board on which Bute is seen kissing the Princess of Wales. Whether this is why the print is missing, I do not know.

The Scotch Colossus, or the Beautys of Ye Bagpipe


An adoring Princess of Wales looks up to Bute: "I'd sacrifice all for his bagpipe. Oh he's my dear Rhizzio." The latter is a clear reference to Rizzio, supposed lover of Mary, Queen of Scots. Bute stands in the manner of the Colossus of Rhodes, his bagpipe crudely displayed. "So will I straddle o'er the English, & thus will tread on the Citizens of L-n." Again, reference to the generous peace-terms offered to Spain and France spill out of the boots.

The Boot & Block-head


This is a print by Paul Sandby. He was critical of Hogarth for supporting Bute, and the old artist is seen here with his hat knocked off by Charles Churchill on the right. Churchill, like Sandby, was critical of Hogarth and attacked him in the North Briton magazine. Coming down the stairs are the Duke of Cumberland, and his nephew the Duke of York. "Come, Ned, lets scourge the Scotch," says Cumberland. "By God, Uncle, they're Rebels & Thieves."On the other hand, the pro-Bute journalist Arthur Murphy, bows obsequiously to the Boot on the left.

                                              The Scotch Idol or Favourite


Again, the Princess of Wales, amongst others, looks up adoringly to Bute, who stands on a pedestal. The inscription calls Bute the Friend of Lewis [Louis] 15th, "who sav'd the perfidious Gall from utter ruin and restor'd what he ask'd." The Lawyer on his knees  is probably Lord Mansfield.



                                               The Jack Boot kick'd down, or English WILL Triumphant


The more elaborate version of this print in the British Museum adds at the end of the title "A Dream". The Duke of Cumberland, encouraged by his nephew, has kicked Bute onto the floor. "Remember Culloden" he cries. Princess Augusta wails desperately "my feble and attempts in vain. I fear it ne'er will stand again." Scotsmen are sent packing: "Away ye mangy Dogs to your own Country."

                                                The Laird of the Posts, or the exalted Bonnets


The Darly text explains that here we see "the Scotch kicking the English out of their Birthright by jumping over their Heads, and taking all their valuable Posts from them". "Our hopes are in the deep Pitt" says one Englishman.

                                                The Loaded Zebra, or Scotch Pedlar 1762


The 'Zebra' is an ass, on which the Princess of Wales is seated, her saddle full of money bags. The Darly text saya she is "proudly led by Gisbal, amidst the Acclamations of Scotch Sycophants." One says "I have got 2000 p annum [tho] in the last rebellion." Mackenzie, Bute's brother who became Lord Privy Seal for Scotland in 1763, is asked by Bute to "back our interest."

The Political Cranmers


Various heavyweights of the day line up here. The Duke of Cumberland is on the left, and next to him Bute. Then comes Pitt, with his hand on the Duke of Bedford. The Duc de Nivernois and his doctor are trying to force Britannia to take the draught of medicine but she refuses: "Oh how I nauseate such French Physic. I can't digest it."

Gisbal, L-d of Hebron


The Darly text explains that "this portrait is the pleasing form of the Scotch idol, whose staff is the delight of Beersheba." In fact, in more elaborate versions of this print, it stands above a 'Song', "The Staff of Gisbal." The song is full of suggestive nuance relating to Bute's supposed affair with the Princess of Wales: "No Staff ever made of gold, silver or wood, could compare with this...a Staff for a Princess - this staff of Gisbal." Later "I defy the most swaggering blade of them all/ To produce such a staff as the Staff of Gisbal."

The Fishermen, or the Authors and their Motives. 1762


This is the last caricature in the book. Those depicted are fishing in the "Waters of Sedition" outside the Scotch House. Arthur Murphy (see the Boot and Block Head) fishes with a rod, and speaks in the Irish brogue: "Arra by Jesus. Honey, but we'll be well paid for our dirty work. I fish with a poisond hook." He is surrounded by 'Lies' and 'Pensions'. Churchill, on the other hand, with a net, will "fish for the truth if it costs me my life and Liberty." At his feet are 'facts' and 'liberty.' They are fishing for public approval of their ideas.  Arthur Beardmore (a London lawyer employed by Wilkes) believes "these rascals will catch nothing but court Gudgeons". Smollett is the other figure: "I have mixt a deal of Scotch arsenic in my Oatmeal Paste." The pub sign that has been discarded bottom left reads "Pitt and Temple removed from the Constitution."